Peyronie’s Disease Treatment
What is Peyronie’s Disease?
Peyronie’s disease is an acquired penile deformity (curvature) due to scar tissue in the penile shaft. This can cause penile pain and discomfort, can reduce or diminish the quality of erections, can complicate sexual intercourse, and can cause significant psychological burden for affected men and their sexual partners.
Peyronie’s disease is characterized by the development of fibrotic plaque in a man’s penis that leads to a constellation of potential symptoms including penile curvature, deformity, shortening, pain, and erectile dysfunction.
Peyronie’s disease can be found in up to 8.9% of men, most often occurring among men in their 50’s to 60’s but may occur in men of all ages. Peyronie’s is different than congenital penile curvature, as the latter is present since the time of birth, where Peyronie’s is acquired later in life. Some men will have penile pain associated with the onset of symptoms. Curvatures can range in severity from a slight bend to significant curves greater than 90 degrees.
Peyronie’s disease can be very distressing to both the man and their partner. In fact, among men completing depression questionnaires, nearly 50% meet the threshold for clinically meaningful depression, and just over 50% of men report relationship stress because of their Peyronie’s disease. Studies have also found that men with Peyronie’s often feel isolated and have difficulties communicating their symptoms to health care professionals. It is important to let the doctor know if you are feeling depressed so that a referral can be made to a mental health expert.
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What Is the Natural History of Peyronie’s Disease?
Peyronie’s disease is variable among men. Based upon studies in the literature, we know that over the course of 1-year complete resolution of penile pain occurs in nearly 90% of men. With respect to penile curvature, only 12% of men will report improvement over 1 year if left untreated, while 21-40% will report no change in symptoms and 48-76% will report worsening curvature. Unfortunately, physicians’ abilities to predict those men who will improve or worsen is limited based upon available data.
Peyronie’s disease treatments include penile injections, oral therapies, topical therapies, penile traction devices, shockwave therapy, and surgical procedures.
- Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in Peyronie’s disease: clinical efficacy and safety from a single-arm observational study
- Evaluation of the benefit of using a combination of autologous platelet rich plasma and hyaluronic acid for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease
- Technological advancements for treating erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease
What Causes Peyronie’s Disease?
The underlying cause for Peyronie’s is not known and is under investigation in doctor’s labs around the world. What is known, is that the cells present (i.e. fibroblasts) in the structural lining (i.e. tunica albuginea) of the erectile chambers (i.e. corpora cavernosa) function irregularly and produce abnormal amounts of collagen and fibrin leading to plaque formation. Normally, when the penis changes from a soft/ flaccid state, to an erect state, a series of neurochemical reactions occur that result in more blood entering the penis than leaves. For this to occur, the smooth muscle in the penis must relax and expand, as does the tunica albuginea (lining of these erectile chambers).
However, the lining that has a Peyronie’s Plaque cannot stretch and expand like the remaining normal penis; thus, as the erection expands in length, the non-expanding plaque causes that section to be shorter than the opposite side resulting in a curve. Similarly, as the penis expands in girth with an erection, the plaque fails to expand and stretch and may result in an indentation, narrowing or tapering. Peyronie’s may also lead to erectile dysfunction by preventing normal relaxation and trapping of blood in the penile chambers (i.e. corpora cavernosa) at the site of Peyronie’s plaque.
Associated Conditions
Some conditions have an association with Peyronie’s, through either a personal history or family history. These include: Dupytren’s contractures, Ledderhose disease, and tympanic sclerosis.
Making the Diagnosis
In most cases, based upon history and physical examination the doctor will be able to make the diagnosis. When the penis is flaccid, one may be able to palpate the ‘plaque’ or site of fibrosis on the penis; however, curvature to one’s penis and deformities can only accurately be assessed when the penis is erect. If one is interested in pursuing treatment (i.e. the curve is both bothersome to you and functionally impairing), then the doctor will perform a penile curvature assessment where he will induce an erection with medication and perform a very detailed assessment of the abnormalities.
What are the Treatment Options?
There are a number of treatment options. Some work well for some men but not for others. Starting a non-surgical treatment as soon as possible is a good idea, as well as combining several treatments.
The sooner you start your treatment, the more options you have and the better results you are likely to get. The aim of most treatments is to stop the disease progressing further, maintain or improve sexual function, relieve any penile pain and to straighten the bend as much as possible.
Many modalities have been tested in Peyronie’s disease and have found to be effective. These include intralesional therapies (penile injections), oral therapies, topical therapies, penile traction devices, low-intensity acoustic shockwave, and surgical procedures.
Treatments offered through Pollock Clinics include:
Shockwave Therapy (using our distinctive shockwave head specialized for Peyronie’s)
Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy (LiSWT) has been shown to be an effective treatment modality for relieving the pain associated with Peyronie’s disease as well as vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.
The actual mechanism of LiSWT for Peyronie’s disease is not fully understood. However, electron microscopy studies have demonstrated actual histological changes within the Peyronie’s plaque following LiSWT.
Additional studies also reported an improvement in penile curvature by more than 15° in 33% of men who received LiSWT with a corresponding decrease in penile plaque hardness in 60%. LiSWT is believed to reduce the pain associated with Peyronie’s disease and to improve the quality of erection by promoting the generation of new and stronger blood vessels at the level of the penile shaft.
The Canadian Urological Association 2018 guideline states that “contemporary guidelines have clearly demarcated ESWT’s role in Peyronie’s disease management and the Committee concurs with this approach, supporting ESWT for potential penile pain improvement.”
Topical Verapamil
Verapamil gel, a topical version of the drug, has also been effective in eliminating pain upon erection, decreasing the size of plaque, decreasing curvature, and improving erection quality in patients with Peyronie’s disease.
It is a prescription compounded medication that is applied directly to the skin. Verapamil belongs to the class of medications known as calcium channel blockers. The gel has been designed to carry the verapamil through the skin and deliver it to the Peyronie’s plaque. The proprietary formula allows for minimal absorption into the blood, while maximizing the concentration of verapamil in the plaque and surrounding tissue.
Trimix Injections After Shockwave Therapy
Trimix is an injectable prescription medication used to treat erectile dysfunction. The active ingredients in the three-drug mixture are alprostadil, papaverine, and phentolamine. Trimix causes an increase in blood flow to the penis, and in some men may help to potentiate other treatment modalities offered.
Oral Medications
Oral medications that may be useful in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease include:
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline belongs to a group of drugs which improve peripheral blood flow and thus enhance peripheral tissue oxygenation. This medication also has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Pentoxifylline has fibrinogen-reducing properties which can help decrease the Peyronie’s plaque and prevent advancement when in the acute stage. It can be taken orally, and also may be administered as an intralesional injection.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicine. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may lead to a decrease of plaque volume and penile curvature and improved erectile function in patients with early chronic Peyronie’s disease.
PDE-5 Inhibitors (i.e. Cialis)
PDE-5 inhibitors, often prescribed for erectile dysfunction, are sometimes beneficial for patients in the early stages of Peyronie’s disease. In a study of Peyronie’s patients the drug was associated with decreased pain on erection and degree of penile curvature, and improved erectile function.
Vitamin E
The proposed action of vitamin E for Peyronie’s is through its ability to scavenge free radicals. Many clinicians consider this inexpensive, virtually side effect-free drug a reasonable treatment to offer patients awaiting stabilization of disease.
Penile Intralesional Injections
PRP Shots
Platelet rich plasma injection is a simple and near painless procedure which uses platelet rich plasma (PRP) drawn from your own blood.
Platelets possess a variety of growth factors and substances with reparative and healing properties. There is promising scientific data that shows the potential ability and safety of PRP therapy in improving the health and functioning of erectile tissue and potentially mitigating Peyronie’s disease.
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline belongs to a group of drugs which improve peripheral blood flow and thus enhance peripheral tissue oxygenation. It can be used as an intralesional injection, as well as in oral form.
This medication also has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Pentoxifylline has fibrinogen-reducing properties which can help decrease the Peyronie’s plaque and prevent advancement when in the acute stage.
Mechanical Techniques
Surgical Therapies
For men that are not candidates for other forms of therapy and are both psychologically and functionally bothered by their Peyronie’s Disease, surgery may be an option. This may include different techniques depending upon the nature of the curve, deformity, and baseline erectile function. The doctor will discuss these if they are appropriate but generally include:
- Penile plication – shortening the ‘long side of the penis’ opposite the curve.
- Penile plaque excision and grafting – the scar tissue is cut and stretched, and a graft is sewn in place.
- Penile implant device that replaces the erectile tissue and helps to straighten the penis (typically reserved for men with significant curvature and erectile dysfunction).
Lifestyle Modifications
Patients should do everything they can to improve their vascular and aerobic health. Exercise is very important, as is a good diet.
Lifestyle changes may allow a man to achieve an erection more easily, allowing him to continue having sex, even when he has Peyronie’s disease. Some of the potential lifestyle changes a man can try include:
- Quitting smoking
- Exercising regularly
- Reducing the consumption of alcohol
- Eliminating the use of illegal drugs
A man may also want to undergo counselling to help with stress, anxiety, or depression. Understand that these lifestyle changes may not affect Peyronie’s disease. Changes of this kind are intended to improve the ability to have sexual intercourse without worrying about ED symptoms.
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Additional Scientific Studies On Peyronie’s Disease Treatment
Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Peyronie’s disease a single-center experience
Minimally invasive therapies for Peyronie’s disease: the current state of the art
Minimally invasive treatment of Peyronie’s disease: Evidence-based progress
Role of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in management of Peyronie’s disease: A preliminary report
2015 American Urological Association (AUA) guideline for Peyronie’s disease
Diagnosis and treatment of Peyronie’s disease: AUA Guideline (2015) – appendix
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